Polymer Chemistry

Bio-plastics are created exploitation renewable feed stocks instead of being derived directly from oil. Bio-plastics can be used in the production of conventional polymers that can be recycled, such as recycled PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) or biodegradable polymers such as PLA (Polylactic acid). Increasing the volumes of synthetic polymers is manufactured for various applications. Plastic use refers to a way that retrieves the first plastic material.  However there are several refined strategies accessible for the treatment & management of waste plastics.

A polymer waste requires complimentary combinations of -

• Biodegradation
• Incineration
• Recycling
• Chemical and mechanical recycling

Future of Biopolymers and Polymers demand the manufacture for brand spanking new materials is overwhelming. In search of novel advanced materials solutions and keeping an eye on the goal of property production and consumption, bioplastics have many potential benefits.  The main concerns for humans in the future can be energy and resources, food, health, mobility & infrastructure and communication. Polymers occupy an outstanding   role during this modern living. The use of renewable resources to produce bio based materials is the key for increasing resource efficiency. The resources will be cultivated on an annual basis, the principle of cascade use, as biomass will be first used for materials and so energy generation, a reduction of the carbon footprint and saving fossil resources.

• Biopolymers in Stem-Cell technology
• Ceramics and Applications
• Biopolymers in drug delivery
• Biopolymers in marine sources
• Market growth of biopolymers

The term 3D printing originally stated a method that deposits a binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer.  More recently, the popular vernacular has started victimization the term to cover a wider type of additive manufacturing techniques like electron beam additive producing and selective optical device melting. The most commonly used 3D printing method is a material extrusion technique referred as “fused deposition modelling”.

There are many different 3D printing processes-

• Vat Photo-polymerization
• Material Jetting
• Powder bed fusion
• Directed energy deposition
• Sheet lamination

Biopolymers are polymers made by living organisms. Biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded from larger structures. Cellulose is the most commonly occurring organic compound and biopolymer on earth. The term Polymer refers to a molecule whose structure consists of multiple continuance units, from that originates a characteristic of high relative molecular mass and attendant properties. Polymers have properties that build them appropriate to be used in protective product from wetness, increasing shelf-life and creating product easier to dispense. Each Biopolymer has its own material specific properties.

• Biopolymers for food packaging
• Advances in biopolymer productions
• Renewable biomass Sources
• Biopolymers in molecular recognition
• Polymers in electronics

Polymer nanocomposites include a polymer or copolymer having Nano particles dispersed with in the polymer matrix. Nanotechnology has created important contributions to the formulation of adhesives, sealants, coatings, potting and encapsulation compounds. The transition from micro to nanoparticles results in modification of its physical and chemical properties. The two key factors during this are the increase in the ratio of the surface area to volume and size of the particles. The increase in surface area to volume ratio that will increase because the particles get smaller ends up in associate increasing dominance of the behaviour of atoms on the area of particle overt that of these interior of the particle. This affects the properties of the particles when they are reacting with other particles.

• Nano-polymers in Nanomedicine
• Applications of Nanomaterials
• Nanopolymers and Nanotechnology
• Polymer Nanostructures

Polymer Physics is the study of mechanical properties and kinetic reaction of the polymer. Polymer is a very large molecule and it is very tough to analysis the characteristics of polymer. But with the assistance of statistical mechanical approach we will understand the property and the process of making polymer. And it also deals with the polymer, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, polymer structures. Basic phenomena are of interest in accordance with the applications of polymers in technologies such as optoelectronics, advance photovoltaic systems, coatings, composites, medicine, food and pharmacy, tissue engineering.

Characteristics:

• Low density
• Low coefficient of friction
• Poor tensile strength low mechanical properties
• Poor temperature resistance
• Good mould ability

Biopolymers are widely used as biomaterials for the fabrication of medical device and tissue engineering scaffolds. Polymer scaffolds are drawing a good attention due to their unique properties like high surface to volume ratio, high porosity with very small pore size, biodegradation and mechanical property. They offer distinct advantages of biocompatibility, versatility of chemistry and also the biological properties which are significant in the application of tissue engineering and organ substitution. Tissue engineering is the immense area of research in recent years because of its vast potential in the repair or replacement of impaired tissues and organs. This analysis can target scaffolds as they are one in every of three most significant factors, as well as seed cells, growth hormones and scaffolds in tissue engineering.

• Tissue engineering in regenerative medicine
• Bone and cartilage tissue engineering
• Nano delivery systems
• Biopolymer methods in cancer therapy

There are two types of polymers; those are synthetic and natural polymers. Synthetic polymers are derived from the fossil fuel oil, and are made by scientists and engineers. Natural polymers occur in nature and might be extracted. They are typically water based. Natural polymers as made naturally they will be easily degradable and may be consumed by the atmosphere. Most of the synthetic polymers are hard to degrade naturally and take long time in natural degradation.

• Synthetic Polymers: Nylon, Polyethylene, Teflon, Polyester and epoxy.
• Natural Polymers: Silk, Wool, DNA, Cellulose and Proteins.

Organic polymers are macromolecules composed of many repeating monomer units. Both synthetic and natural polymer plays an important role in everyday life. Polysaccharides, polypeptides and polynucleotides are the main types of biopolymers in living cells. Polymers depending on their physical properties are characterised as thermoplastics, thermo sets, elastomers and fibers. Organic polymers are materials that essentially contain carbon atoms in the backbone.

Organic polymers are macromolecules composed of many repeating monomer units. Both synthetic and natural polymer plays an important role in everyday life. Polysaccharides, polypeptides and polynucleotides are the main types of biopolymers in living cells. Polymers depending on their physical properties are characterised as thermoplastics, thermo sets, elastomers and fibers. Organic polymers are materials that essentially contain carbon atoms in the backbone.

Biopolymers from renewable resources are a completion of information on the diverse and useful polymers derived from agricultural, animal and microbial sources. Now a day it is clearly discovers from the present state of environmental preservation a nonstop definition and approval of growingly restrictive laws and a rise within the market demand for products with a lower ecological footprint. Particularly the auto mobile sector has been identified as one of the most involved in the adoption of protectionist measures towards the environment preservation, translating some of their major concerns in the increase of green materials demands.

Bio-plastics are plastic materials made from renewable biomass sources like vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, recycled food waste. Bio-plastic can be made from agricultural by-products and also from used plastic bottles and other containers using micro-organisms. Bioinformatics is a field of study that uses computation to extract information from biological data. It also includes the collection, storage, retrieval, manipulation and modelling of data for analysis, visualization or prediction through the development of algorithms and software.

Types of Bio-plastics:

• Starch based plastics
• Cellulose based
• Protein based
• Aliphatic polyesters

Plastic packaging for food and non-food applications is non-biodegradable and additionally uses up valuable and scarce non-renewable resources like crude oil. With the present focus on exploring alternatives to petroleum and stress on reduced environmental impact, research in increasingly being directed at development of biodegradable food packaging from biopolymer based materials.  Polymer Chemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with large molecules made up of repeating units referred to as monomers. Polymer Chemistry includes branches which mimic the divisions of the field of chemistry as a whole with synthetic, physical, biological and analytical chemistry.